In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War (1853–1856).
In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike, the right to organize, and the right for women to be admitted to a French university. He negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Free Trade Agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Napoleon III promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made the country an agricultural exporter. He expanded and consolidated the railway system throughout the nation and modernized the banking system. Napoleon III commissioned a grand reconstruction of Paris carried out by prefect of the Seine, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann. Maintaining leadership for 22 years, he was the longest-reigning leader of France since the fall of the Ancien Régime, although his reign would ultimately end on the battlefield. He expanded the French overseas empire, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and personally engaged in two wars. Napoleon III was a popular monarch who oversaw the modernization of the French economy and filled Paris with new boulevards and parks.
He later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French and founded the Second Empire, reigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies at the Battle of Sedan in 1870. Napoleon III (born Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed in absentia on 4 September 1870.Ī nephew of Napoleon I and cousin of the disputed Napoleon II, he was the first person elected to the presidency of the Second Republic in 1848, and he seized power by force in 1851 when he could not constitutionally be reelected.
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